The Stewart monarchs of the 15th and 16th centuries had to contend with many trials and tribulations, and yet this period also saw the emergence of the Scottish nation state and the flowering of the Scottish Renaissance. The introduction of the printing press spread textual knowledge and four universities were founded to promote education. While the Auld Alliance underpinned dynastic and cultural connections with France, distinctive aspects of Scottish art and architecture flourished under royal patronage.
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